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Common industrial camera microscope lens parameters: magnification, field of view, working distance, and mount

Thu, 07 May 2026 14:52:54 +0800

When connecting an industrial camera to a microscope or macro lens, the most confusing part is often not the camera, but the lens parameters.

The same phrase, such as “1X magnification” or “10X,” can mean different things for microscope objectives, telecentric lenses, macro lenses, and C-mount adapters. Choosing the wrong lens often leads to problems: insufficient field of view, soft edges, too short working distance, low brightness, shallow depth of field, sensor vignetting, and unstable measurement accuracy.

This article organizes common industrial camera microscope lens parameters, focusing on the metrics most often used in real selection work.

First distinguish several lens types

Industrial camera microscopy or close-up imaging commonly uses four types of lenses.

1. Microscope objectives

Microscope objectives often use magnifications such as 4X, 10X, 20X, 40X, and 100X, and are usually used in traditional microscope systems.

Important parameters include:

Magnification.
Numerical aperture NA.
Working distance.
Whether it is infinity-corrected.
Cover glass thickness requirement.
Field number and image circle.

Microscope objectives are suitable for high-magnification observation, but working distance is usually short and depth of field is shallow. Higher magnification is not always better, especially in industrial inspection. If the sample surface is uneven, too much magnification makes focusing difficult.

2. C-mount microscope adapters

Many industrial cameras use C-mount, so microscopes often need 0.35X, 0.5X, 0.63X, 1X, and similar C-mount adapters.

The adapter images the microscope intermediate image onto the camera sensor. It directly affects the field of view seen by the camera.

Common experience:

Small sensors can use 0.35X or 0.5X.
1/2" and 2/3" sensors often use 0.5X, 0.63X, or 1X.
The larger the sensor, the more important it is to confirm whether the adapter image circle can cover it.

If the adapter magnification is too high, the field of view becomes small. If the image circle is insufficient, edges may vignette or lose quality.

3. Machine vision macro lenses

Machine vision macro lenses are usually specified by focal length, aperture, supported sensor size, working distance, and magnification. They are suitable for medium- and low-magnification inspection of PCBs, parts, labels, metal surfaces, fibers, solder joints, and similar targets.

Compared with traditional microscope objectives, these lenses are often better for industrial sites because they provide longer working distance, more flexible installation, and easier lighting.

4. Telecentric lenses

Telecentric lenses are used for high-precision measurement. Their key feature is that magnification remains more stable within a certain depth range, so object distance changes cause less size variation.

Suitable scenarios:

Dimensional measurement.
Edge positioning.
Contour inspection.
Cases where height changes affect measurement with ordinary lenses.

Telecentric lenses are usually large, expensive, and fixed in field of view, but they are valuable in measurement applications.

Core parameter 1: magnification

Magnification determines how large the object appears on the sensor.

In industrial camera systems, it is more practical to focus on object-side field of view and pixel resolution, not just the 1X, 2X, or 10X printed on a lens.

The basic relationship is:

`1`	`field of view width = sensor width / optical magnification`

For example, if a sensor is about 7.2 mm wide and a 1X lens is used, the theoretical field of view width is about 7.2 mm. With a 0.5X adapter, the field of view width is about 14.4 mm. With a 2X lens, it is about 3.6 mm.

So higher magnification means a smaller visible area, but more pixels per unit area.

Core parameter 2: field of view

FOV is the actual object area seen by the camera, usually described as horizontal, vertical, and diagonal field of view.

Industrial inspection should first determine FOV:

What is the maximum object size?
Do you need margin around the object?
Do you need to capture the whole target in one image?
What is the smallest defect or line width?

If the target is 20 mm wide and must be captured in one image, horizontal FOV should be greater than 20 mm. Then calculate the real-world size per pixel from horizontal pixel count.

`1`	`size per pixel = field of view width / horizontal pixels`

If horizontal FOV is 20 mm and the camera has 4000 horizontal pixels, each pixel represents about 0.005 mm, or 5 μm. In practice, detectable defects cannot be calculated from one pixel alone. Lens resolution, focus, noise, lighting, and algorithm stability also matter.

Core parameter 3: working distance

Working Distance is the distance from the front of the lens to the object surface.

Too short a working distance causes many problems:

No room for lighting.
The sample may hit the lens.
Automation equipment may lack mechanical clearance.
Uneven samples are harder to focus.

Higher magnification microscope objectives usually have shorter working distances. Machine vision macro lenses and telecentric lenses can provide working distances more suitable for industrial sites.

When selecting, do not look only at magnification. First ask whether there is enough room for ring lights, coaxial lighting, fixtures, and motion mechanisms in front of the lens.

Core parameter 4: depth of field

Depth of Field is the range in front of and behind the focus plane that remains acceptably sharp.

In microscopy and macro imaging, depth of field is often shallow. Higher magnification and larger NA usually mean shallower DOF. If the sample has height variation, only a thin layer may be sharp while other areas become blurred.

Ways to increase DOF include:

Lower magnification.
Smaller aperture.
Better lighting.
Focus stacking.
Telecentric or special optical designs.

But stopping down also reduces brightness and may introduce diffraction effects. DOF, brightness, and resolution must be balanced.

Core parameter 5: numerical aperture

NA is common in microscope objectives. It indicates the light-gathering ability of the objective and relates to theoretical resolution.

Higher NA gives higher theoretical resolution and better brightness, but shallower DOF, more sensitive focus, and often shorter working distance.

In microscopy, high-NA objectives can reveal finer details, but they demand flatter samples, better focusing mechanisms, and stronger lighting control. Industrial inspection does not always need high NA. If the target is uneven or requires larger DOF, high NA may increase debugging difficulty.

Core parameter 6: mount

Common lens mounts for industrial cameras include:

C-mount.
CS-mount.
F-mount.
M12 / S-mount.
Microscope trinocular interface.
Objective threads such as RMS, M25, M26.

C-mount is very common in industrial cameras, with a flange distance of 17.526 mm. CS-mount has a shorter flange distance, and they cannot be mixed casually. A C-mount lens can usually be adapted to a CS-mount camera with a spacer, but a CS-mount lens on a C-mount camera may not focus correctly.

When connecting a microscope to an industrial camera, also check the trinocular port size, C-mount adapter magnification, and whether the camera sensor can be covered by the adapter.

Core parameter 7: sensor size matching

The lens must cover the camera sensor.

If a lens only supports a 1/2" sensor but the camera uses 1.1" or APS-C, the image edges may vignette, blur, or distort severely. Conversely, a large-image-circle lens on a small sensor usually works, but may cost more and be larger.

Check the maximum supported sensor format, such as:

1/3".
1/2".
2/3".
1".
1.1".
APS-C.

Do not only check whether the thread fits. Mechanical compatibility is not the same as imaging compatibility.

Core parameter 8: resolution and pixel matching

Lenses also have resolving power limits. The smaller the camera pixels, the higher the lens requirement.

If a high-pixel, small-pixel camera is paired with a low-resolution lens, the final image becomes “many pixels, little detail.” This is common in microscopy and macro systems.

Basic thinking:

High-resolution cameras need higher-resolution lenses.
Small-pixel cameras are more sensitive to lens quality, focus, vibration, and lighting.
Measurement applications should prioritize distortion and stability.
Check both edge quality and center quality, not only center sharpness.

Common parameter comparison

Parameter	Role	How to judge
Magnification	Determines FOV and pixel density per area	Calculate FOV from object size and sensor size first
FOV	Actual object area captured by the camera	Must cover the target with margin
WD	Working distance from lens to object	Leave room for lighting, fixtures, and motion
DOF	Depth range that remains sharp	Especially important for samples with height variation
NA	Affects microscope resolution and brightness	High NA gives detail but shallow DOF
Mount	Determines mechanical connection and focus	Do not mix C/CS/trinocular/objective threads casually
Sensor support	Determines vignetting and edge quality	Image circle must cover the sensor
Distortion	Affects measurement accuracy	Critical for dimensional measurement

A simple selection flow

First, determine the field of view. Ask how large an area must be captured, such as 5 mm, 20 mm, or 100 mm.

Second, determine the smallest target. Do you need to see a 20 μm scratch, or only a 0.5 mm part contour?

Third, select camera resolution. Estimate the real-world size per pixel from FOV and smallest target.

Fourth, calculate magnification. Divide sensor size by target FOV to get approximate optical magnification.

Fifth, check working distance. Confirm there is room for lighting, fixtures, and the sample.

Sixth, check depth of field. If the sample is uneven, confirm whether DOF is enough.

Seventh, confirm mount and image circle. Being able to attach the lens does not mean it will image well.

Eighth, validate with real samples. Microscopy and macro systems are sensitive to light, focus, and vibration. Paper specifications only narrow candidates; they cannot replace real testing.

Common mistakes

The first mistake is looking only at magnification. Higher magnification means smaller FOV, shallower DOF, and harder focusing. Industrial inspection does not always need the highest magnification.

The second mistake is ignoring working distance. Even if the lens can image clearly, the system may be unusable if lights and fixtures cannot fit.

The third mistake is using a high-pixel camera with an insufficient lens. This only produces a larger blurry image.

The fourth mistake is using microscope objectives directly as industrial inspection lenses without checking site constraints. Microscope objectives are powerful, but not always suitable for production-line mechanical space, lighting, and stability requirements.

The fifth mistake is ignoring calibration. Any measurement task needs calibration of pixel size, distortion, and system repeatability.

Short Take

The core of industrial camera microscope lens selection is not choosing a magnification. It is balancing field of view, accuracy, working distance, depth of field, and sensor matching.

If the goal is observation, prioritize FOV, brightness, and ease of operation. If the goal is measurement, prioritize distortion, telecentricity, calibration, and repeatability. If the goal is high-magnification microscopy, prioritize NA, working distance, focus stability, and lighting.

The safest method is to write down target size, smallest defect, camera sensor size, and mechanical space first, then derive lens magnification and type. Specification tables are only the starting point. Final validation still depends on real sample imaging.

Common The Imaging Source industrial cameras: introduction, parameters, and comparison

Thu, 07 May 2026 14:52:54 +0800

The Imaging Source is a common industrial camera manufacturer. Its product line covers USB, GigE, 10GigE, MIPI CSI-2, and more, including traditional machine vision cameras, microscopy cameras, embedded vision cameras, and board-level cameras.

If you only look at model names, the TIS product line can feel confusing: DMK, DFK, DBK, 38, 37, 33, AFU420, Visus, and other names are easy to mix together. In real selection work, do not start by memorizing model names. Start with the core parameters: interface, sensor size, resolution, frame rate, color or monochrome, shutter type, lens mount, and software support.

First understand the names: DMK, DFK, DBK

In older and many current The Imaging Source models, three prefixes are common:

DMK: monochrome camera, suitable for microscopy, measurement, low-light imaging, or applications that need higher sensitivity.
DFK: color camera, usually with an IR cut filter, suitable for ordinary color imaging and industrial inspection.
DBK: color camera, usually without an IR cut filter, suitable for applications that need near-infrared response.

This is not the only naming rule, but it helps understand TIS cameras. Monochrome cameras do not have a Bayer color filter, so they are often better for sensitivity, sharpness, and measurement consistency. Color cameras are better when color information is needed, such as sample observation, product appearance, and teaching displays.

Common series by use

TIS industrial cameras can be understood by interface and positioning.

1. USB 3.0 / USB 3.1 industrial cameras

USB cameras are the easiest to deploy. Connection is simple, and power plus data often use one cable. They are suitable for labs, microscopes, single-machine inspection equipment, and small automation systems.

Typical features:

Easy installation and debugging.
Shorter PC distance requirements.
Much higher bandwidth than USB 2.0, suitable for medium-high resolution and higher frame rates.
Suitable for single-camera or small multi-camera systems.

If the camera is next to the computer, cable length is only a few meters, and the system does not need dozens of synchronized cameras, USB is usually the most convenient choice.

2. GigE industrial cameras

GigE cameras use gigabit Ethernet. Their advantage is longer cable length and more flexible industrial deployment.

Typical features:

Longer cable distance than USB.
Suitable for production lines, equipment cabinets, and remote installation.
More natural for multi-camera networking.
Bandwidth is lower than 10GigE but enough for many medium-resolution inspection tasks.

If the camera is far from the host, or multiple cameras need to connect through a switch, GigE is more suitable than USB.

3. 10GigE high-bandwidth cameras

10GigE is for high-resolution, high-frame-rate, high-data-volume scenarios. TIS high-end series include 10GigE versions for high-speed inspection, large-format imaging, and high-throughput systems that need longer cable runs.

Typical features:

Much higher bandwidth than GigE.
Suitable for high-pixel sensors and high-frame-rate output.
Higher system cost, with higher requirements for NICs, cables, host storage, and processing.

If a project needs tens of megapixels and high frame rates, USB or ordinary GigE may become a bottleneck. That is when 10GigE is worth considering.

4. MIPI CSI-2 / board-level cameras

MIPI CSI-2 and board-level cameras are better for embedded vision, such as NVIDIA Jetson, industrial edge boxes, robots, and custom devices.

Typical features:

Small size and easy mechanical integration.
Suitable for embedded platforms.
Requires more hardware and driver integration ability.
Not as plug-and-play as USB cameras.

If you are building a product integration rather than a quick lab validation, board-level and MIPI cameras matter more.

How to read common parameters

When selecting industrial cameras, it is easy to be attracted by high pixel counts, but high resolution is not a universal answer.

Resolution

Resolution determines how much detail an image can cover, but also increases data volume.

Common ranges go from 1MP, 2MP, 5MP, 12MP to 20MP, 42MP, and beyond. For inspection tasks, first calculate the required pixels from field of view and minimum defect size, instead of blindly choosing the highest resolution.

Simple judgment:

Small field of view and high-precision measurement: prioritize pixel size, lens, and image quality.
Large field of view and low-speed inspection: higher resolution can be useful.
High-speed moving inspection: balance resolution and frame rate.

Frame rate

Frame rate determines how many images can be captured per unit time. Higher frame rates are better for moving objects, high-speed production lines, and real-time preview.

But frame rate is limited by resolution, interface bandwidth, exposure time, and host performance. Even if a 20MP camera claims a high frame rate, confirm whether it can reach the requirement at the actual resolution, bit depth, and transfer mode.

Sensor size and pixel size

Sensor size affects lens selection and field of view. Common formats include 1/3", 1/2.5", 1/1.8", 2/3", 1.1", APS-C, and more.

Pixel size affects sensitivity and dynamic performance. Larger pixels usually provide better low-light performance and signal-to-noise ratio. Smaller pixels help increase resolution on the same sensor size, but require better lens resolving power and lighting.

Shutter type

Industrial cameras commonly use rolling shutter or global shutter.

Rolling shutter is cheaper and easier to pair with high resolution, but fast-moving objects may appear distorted. Global shutter exposes the whole frame at once and is better for motion inspection, positioning, measurement, and automation lines.

If the target moves, or the camera/platform itself moves, prioritize global shutter.

Color or monochrome

Color cameras are suitable for color inspection, sample display, teaching observation, and ordinary appearance imaging. Monochrome cameras are better for measurement, defect inspection, fluorescence microscopy, low-light imaging, and applications requiring higher sensitivity.

Many industrial tasks do not need color. If the target is contour, edge, size, grayscale contrast, or fluorescence signal, monochrome is often more stable.

Common series comparison

Type	Suitable scenarios	Advantages	Notes
USB 3.x industrial cameras	Labs, microscopes, single-machine inspection	Easy deployment, moderate cost, convenient debugging	Limited cable length; multi-camera systems need bandwidth planning
GigE industrial cameras	Production inspection, long cable runs, multi-camera systems	Long cable distance and convenient networking	Limited bandwidth; network configuration matters
10GigE industrial cameras	High resolution, high frame rate, large data volume	High bandwidth, suitable for high throughput	Higher system cost and higher host/NIC requirements
MIPI / board-level cameras	Embedded devices, robots, product integration	Small size and integration-friendly	Higher driver and hardware integration cost
Microscopy cameras	Microscope observation, teaching, measurement	Better microscope interface matching	Focus on pixel size, exposure, and software

Typical selection advice

For ordinary microscope observation, start with a USB color camera. It is easy to install, preview is smooth, color is intuitive, and it works well for recording samples and teaching.

For microscope measurement, fluorescence, low light, or image analysis, start with a monochrome camera. When color is not important, monochrome cameras usually provide better grayscale information and sensitivity.

For production-line inspection, first check camera distance and takt time. Short-distance single-machine inspection can use USB. Long-distance or multi-camera systems should start with GigE. High-resolution high-frame-rate systems may need 10GigE.

For embedded vision products, consider MIPI or board-level cameras first, but leave time for driver, structure, thermal, and software integration work.

For high-speed moving targets, focus on global shutter, exposure time, light intensity, and trigger synchronization, not only pixel count.

Strengths and limitations of The Imaging Source

TIS cameras are strong because the product line is complete, covering USB, GigE, 10GigE, MIPI, microscopy, and board-level cameras. The company also provides SDKs, drivers, and software, which helps from lab validation to small industrial equipment integration.

The limitations are also practical: there are many model names, naming spans multiple generations, and available models and stock vary by region. Some high-end models require careful checking of sensor, lens mount, frame rate, and software compatibility. Do not rely only on marketing pages; download the datasheet for the exact model and confirm full specifications.

Short Take

The Imaging Source industrial cameras can be selected by “interface + sensor + application scenario.”

Use USB for labs and microscopes, GigE for production lines and long cable runs, 10GigE for high pixel count and high frame rate, MIPI or board-level cameras for embedded products, monochrome for measurement and low light, and color for color recognition and display.

Do not start by asking “which camera is best.” First ask: how large is the field of view, how small is the minimum target, whether the object moves, how far the host is, what frame rate is needed, whether color is required, and whether the lens can cover the sensor. Once these questions are clear, the camera model usually narrows down naturally.

Sony IMX Camera Module Guide: IMX335, IMX678, IMX415, IMX219, IMX273, IMX766, IMX307 Specs, References, and Taobao Price Notes

Fri, 01 May 2026 04:15:28 +0800

When building embedded vision, security cameras, Raspberry Pi cameras, Jetson cameras, or machine vision projects, you will often run into a pile of Sony IMX model names.

They all look like “camera sensors”, but the differences are large. Some are better for low-light surveillance, some are built for 4K video, some are for industrial global-shutter vision, some mainly appear as phone repair parts, and some are friendly to the Raspberry Pi ecosystem.

This article整理 several Sony IMX camera modules that are common on Taobao and in development-board ecosystems:

IMX335
IMX678
IMX415
IMX219
IMX273
IMX766
IMX307
Additional models: IMX290, IMX462, IMX477, IMX585, IMX708

One note first: the prices below are common retail ranges seen around Taobao, development-board accessory shops, module vendors, and cross-border retail channels as of 2026-05-01. They are only useful for selection budgeting. Real prices are affected by lens, interface, driver board, enclosure, onboard ISP, UVC support, invoice/tax handling, and purchase volume.

Quick conclusion

For quick selection, start by use case:

Use case	Recommended models	Why
Raspberry Pi entry-level	`IMX219`	Mature ecosystem, low price, lots of documentation
Better Raspberry Pi image quality	`IMX477`, `IMX708`	Higher resolution and good official ecosystem support
Low-light surveillance	`IMX307`, `IMX335`	STARVIS series, good night performance
4K security / industrial video	`IMX415`, `IMX678`	4K, common MIPI/USB modules
Newer 4K low-light	`IMX678`, `IMX585`	STARVIS 2, better low-light and dynamic range
Industrial trigger / moving objects	`IMX273`	Global shutter, suitable for machine vision
Phone repair / modification	`IMX766`	Common phone main-camera sensor, but less open for development

For ordinary projects, start with IMX219, IMX335, IMX415, or IMX678. They are easier to find as ready-made modules on Taobao and in development-board accessory markets.

Common model parameter table

Model	Common positioning	Pixels / resolution	Optical format	Pixel size	Shutter	Common interfaces	Approximate public timing	Module retail price reference
`IMX219`	Raspberry Pi V2, entry-level CSI camera	8MP, 3280×2464	1/4"	1.12 μm	Rolling shutter	MIPI CSI-2	Popularized with Raspberry Pi Camera Module 2 in 2016	20-80 RMB
`IMX307`	1080p starlight night vision, security	2.13MP, 1920×1080	1/2.8"	2.9 μm	Rolling shutter	MIPI CSI-2 / LVDS	Public materials around 2017-2018	60-180 RMB
`IMX335`	5MP starlight night vision, security, dashcams	5.14MP, 2592×1944	1/2.8"	2.0 μm	Rolling shutter	MIPI CSI-2	Widely commercialized after around 2018-2019	90-260 RMB
`IMX415`	4K security, industrial cameras, Jetson	8.46MP, recommended 3840×2160 output	1/2.8"	1.45 μm	Rolling shutter	MIPI CSI-2	Sony announced it on 2019-06-26, with a 2019 mass-production path	120-450 RMB
`IMX678`	STARVIS 2 4K low-light	8.40MP class, 4K	1/1.8"	2.0 μm	Rolling shutter	MIPI CSI-2 / USB modules	Entered module markets after around 2022	250-900 RMB
`IMX273`	Industrial machine vision	1.58MP, about 1456×1088	1/2.9"	3.45 μm	Global shutter	MIPI/LVDS/industrial camera interfaces	Public materials around 2017	300-1500+ RMB
`IMX766`	Phone main camera, repair parts	50MP	1/1.56"	1.0 μm, about 2.0 μm after 4-in-1 binning	Rolling shutter	Phone module interfaces	Popularized in phone market around 2020-2021	50-300 RMB repair modules, high development difficulty

The “module retail price” here is not the official bare sensor price. A 30 RMB IMX219 on Taobao is usually a small Raspberry Pi ribbon-cable board; a several-hundred-RMB IMX678 often already includes USB conversion, ISP, lens, or even an enclosure; industrial IMX273 cameras cost more.

IMX219: the most common entry-level model in the Raspberry Pi ecosystem

The most common form of IMX219 is Raspberry Pi Camera Module 2 or compatible modules.

Raspberry Pi official documentation says Camera Module 2 replaced the original Camera Module in April 2016, using the Sony IMX219 8MP sensor with a resolution of 3280×2464.

Its advantages are clear:

Low price
Lots of documentation
Mature Raspberry Pi ecosystem support
Very easy to buy on Taobao
Suitable for entry-level photography, monitoring, time-lapse, and simple vision recognition

Its weaknesses are also obvious:

Small sensor size
Average low-light performance
Limited image-quality ceiling with default module lenses
Rolling-shutter distortion in high-speed motion scenes

Taobao keywords:

IMX219 树莓派摄像头
IMX219 NoIR
IMX219 广角
IMX219 Jetson Nano

Common prices are about 20-80 RMB. Ordinary fixed-focus boards are the cheapest; wide-angle, night-vision, stereo, and enclosure versions cost more.

References:

IMX307: a proven 1080p starlight night-vision sensor

IMX307 is a very common 2MP STARVIS model in security cameras.

Sony’s official Flyer lists these key points:

1/2.8" optical format
2.13MP effective pixels
Recommended 1920×1080 output
Up to 60fps in Full HD 1080p
2.9 μm pixel size
HDR support
LVDS and MIPI CSI-2 support

It does not chase high resolution. It focuses more on 1080p low-light performance. Its 2.9 μm pixels are larger than those of many small-format 4K sensors, so it is still common in night surveillance, low-light recognition, and indoor low-light projects.

Common Taobao forms:

IMX307 USB 摄像头模组
IMX307 MIPI 模组
IMX307 星光夜视
IMX307 低照度监控板

Common prices are about 60-180 RMB. Versions with ISP, USB UVC, enclosure, or IR-cut switching cost more.

Reference:

Sony IMX307LQD/LQR Flyer

IMX335: common for 5MP low-light and security projects

IMX335 can be understood as a very common 5MP STARVIS choice in the Taobao module market.

It has higher resolution than IMX307, while usually being less expensive than some 4K models, so it is often used in:

Security cameras
Dashcams
Jetson/RK platform MIPI cameras
USB UVC cameras
Low-light imaging projects

Common parameters:

About 5.14MP
2592×1944
1/2.8" optical format
2.0 μm pixel size
STARVIS back-illuminated technology
Common MIPI CSI-2 output

IMX335 performs better in low light than IMX219, and it is a practical 5MP route compared with IMX415. For 2K video, night scenes, and surveillance recognition, it is usually more comfortable than entry-level Raspberry Pi modules.

Taobao keywords:

IMX335 USB 摄像头
IMX335 MIPI 摄像头
IMX335 Jetson
IMX335 星光夜视

Common prices are about 90-260 RMB. USB driver-free versions are usually more expensive than simple MIPI boards.

References:

IMX415: a compact 4K choice for security and industrial video

IMX415 is often mentioned in 4K security and industrial video.

Sony announced IMX415 and IMX485, two 4K security sensors, on 2019-06-26. The official news release describes IMX415 as a type 1/2.8 4K-resolution stacked CMOS image sensor for smart cities, surveillance, traffic monitoring, and related scenarios.

Core parameters from the official Flyer:

1/2.8" optical format
8.46MP effective pixels
Recommended recording pixels: 3840×2160
1.45 μm pixel size
About 60.3fps in 12-bit all-pixel mode
About 90.9fps in 10-bit all-pixel mode
Multiple exposure HDR and Digital overlap HDR
MIPI CSI-2, 2 Lane / 4 Lane, RAW10 / RAW12

Its strength is compact 4K. The weakness is that the pixel size is only 1.45 μm. If the lens and lighting are not good enough, low-light images may not necessarily beat IMX307 or IMX335.

Taobao keywords:

IMX415 4K 摄像头模组
IMX415 USB 摄像头
IMX415 MIPI CSI
IMX415 Jetson
IMX415 星光夜视

Common prices are about 120-450 RMB. Cheap ones are MIPI bare modules, while USB3.0, onboard ISP, enclosure, or Jetson-adapted versions cost more.

References:

IMX678: a popular STARVIS 2 4K low-light model

IMX678 is a popular STARVIS 2 4K model in recent years. It appears in dashcams, low-light cameras, USB cameras, and development-board modules.

Key points from public Flyers:

1/1.8" optical format
8.40MP class
2.0 μm pixel size
STARVIS 2
Designed for visible-light and near-infrared low-light scenarios

Compared with IMX415, IMX678 has a larger format and larger pixels, giving it better low-light headroom. The downside is higher module cost and stricter requirements for lens, power, driver, and bandwidth.

Taobao keywords:

IMX678 摄像头模组
IMX678 USB
IMX678 MIPI
IMX678 STARVIS2
IMX678 Jetson

Common prices are about 250-900 RMB. Cross-border branded USB3.0 modules can even exceed 1000 RMB. Arducam’s IMX678 USB 3.0 module has a public retail price starting at 159.99 USD, which can serve as a high-end retail reference.

References:

IMX273: industrial machine vision cares more about global shutter

IMX273 is different from the security-oriented models above.

It is a common global-shutter model for industrial and sensing applications, suitable for moving objects, triggered capture, positioning inspection, production-line vision, and measurement projects. The point of global shutter is full-frame exposure at the same time, which reduces skew and distortion caused by rolling shutter in motion scenes.

Sony’s Flyer for the series containing IMX273LLR/LQR emphasizes:

Industrial and sensing applications
3.45 μm / 6.9 μm pixel series
Global shutter function
Related models include IMX287, IMX296, and IMX297

IMX273 does not have very high resolution, but industrial vision often cares more about trigger synchronization, exposure consistency, low distortion, global shutter, lens support, and camera SDKs than raw megapixels.

Taobao keywords:

IMX273 工业相机
IMX273 全局快门
IMX273 USB3 工业相机
IMX273 GigE

Common prices are about 300-1500+ RMB. Standalone modules are not always cheap, and finished industrial cameras are more expensive.

Reference:

Sony IMX273/287/296/297 Flyer

IMX766: a phone main-camera sensor, not a good beginner module for development boards

IMX766 is a very common 50MP sensor in phones and has appeared in many Android main-camera solutions.

Common public parameters:

50MP
1/1.56" optical format
1.0 μm pixel size
About 2.0 μm equivalent pixel size after 4-in-1 binning
Related full-pixel autofocus capabilities

But it is different from development-board-friendly modules such as IMX219, IMX335, and IMX415. On Taobao, most IMX766 products are phone repair camera modules designed for specific phones. FPC, power rails, drivers, initialization registers, focus motors, OIS, and ISP cooperation may all be undocumented.

It is suitable for:

Phone repair
Teardown research
Hardware enthusiasts interested in mobile imaging pipelines

It is not very suitable for:

Direct Raspberry Pi connection
Quick Jetson development
Ordinary USB camera projects
Embedded projects without driver development capability

Taobao keywords:

IMX766 摄像头模组
IMX766 手机摄像头
IMX766 主摄

Common prices are about 50-300 RMB, but this is usually the price of phone repair parts. It does not mean the module can be directly connected to a development board.

Reference:

IMX766 Sensor Overview

Other common Sony IMX models on Taobao

In addition to the models above, several other models are also easy to find.

IMX290

IMX290 is an older 2MP STARVIS low-light model, common in security, astronomy, and low-light USB cameras. It is close to IMX307, and many projects compare the two.

Taobao keywords:

IMX290 USB 摄像头
IMX290 星光夜视
IMX290 MIPI

Common prices are about 80-300 RMB.

IMX462

IMX462 is also often discussed for low-light and near-infrared performance. It appears in astronomy cameras, low-light cameras, and security applications.

Taobao keywords:

IMX462 USB 摄像头
IMX462 天文相机
IMX462 低照度

Common prices are about 150-600 RMB.

IMX477

The most common entry point for IMX477 is the Raspberry Pi High Quality Camera.

It is a 12.3MP, 1/2.3" class sensor. With the C/CS lens ecosystem, it is better than IMX219 for serious image capture, machine vision experiments, microscopy, and telephoto projects. Raspberry Pi High Quality Camera was released in 2020, with an official price once listed at 50 USD.

Taobao keywords:

IMX477 树莓派 HQ
IMX477 C口
IMX477 CS镜头

Common prices are about 180-450 RMB.

Reference:

Raspberry Pi High Quality Camera Product Brief

IMX585

IMX585 is a higher-spec 4K low-light model in the STARVIS 2 series. Its 1/1.2" larger format gives it better low-light advantages than small-format 4K sensors.

On Taobao, IMX585 appears as USB, MIPI, astronomy-camera, or industrial-camera products, but prices are usually much higher than IMX415 and IMX335.

Taobao keywords:

IMX585 摄像头
IMX585 STARVIS2
IMX585 USB3

Common prices are about 500-2000+ RMB.

IMX708

IMX708 is the 12MP sensor used by Raspberry Pi Camera Module 3 and supports autofocus. It is friendly to the Raspberry Pi ecosystem and is suitable for projects that do not want to fight drivers but want better image quality and functions than IMX219.

Taobao keywords:

IMX708 树莓派
树莓派 Camera Module 3
IMX708 自动对焦

Common prices are about 150-350 RMB.

Reference:

Raspberry Pi Camera Documentation

Do not select only by the IMX model name

Many product titles say things like “Sony IMX415 4K starlight night vision”, but the sensor is not the only thing that decides whether it will work.

At least confirm these points:

Interface: whether MIPI CSI-2, USB UVC, GigE, or LVDS matches your host
Platform: whether it explicitly supports Raspberry Pi, Jetson, RK3568, RK3588, Windows, or Linux
Drivers: whether device tree, kernel driver, register settings, and example code are available
Output format: RAW10, RAW12, YUYV, MJPEG, H.264, H.265
Frame rate: whether 4K 30fps, 4K 60fps, or 1080p 60fps is actually available
Lens: M12, C/CS, fixed focus, autofocus, field of view, distortion
Filters: normal IR-cut, NoIR, auto switching, whether it suits IR illumination
ISP: whether there is onboard ISP, and whether exposure, white balance, denoising, and HDR are supported
Power and heat: whether 4K/USB3.0 modules remain stable over long runs

The experience of using a MIPI RAW board and a USB driver-free camera can be completely different even if both use IMX415. The former is better for embedded low-level development, while the latter is better for quick connection to a PC or industrial computer.

Taobao buying advice

Before buying, ask these questions:

Is there a driver and configuration file for your platform?
Does it support the resolution and frame rate you need?
Can it provide raw RAW output, or only compressed video?
Is the lens replaceable, and are distortion parameters available?
Does it support auto exposure, auto white balance, HDR, and gain control?
Are there Linux test commands or an SDK?
Can it be supplied long term, or is it one-off stock?

For Raspberry Pi projects, prioritize modules that explicitly support Raspberry Pi OS / libcamera.
For Jetson projects, prioritize modules that explicitly support Jetson Nano / Xavier / Orin and provide device trees and driver packages.
For PC projects, USB UVC modules are the easiest.
For industrial inspection, consider finished industrial cameras first instead of only buying cheap bare modules.

Final selection notes

A simple summary:

Lowest budget and most documentation: choose IMX219
Better Raspberry Pi image quality: choose IMX477 or IMX708
1080p low-light surveillance: choose IMX307
General 5MP low-light use: choose IMX335
Compact 4K security / industrial use: choose IMX415
Better 4K low-light: choose IMX678
Industrial global shutter: choose IMX273
Phone repair part research: look at IMX766, but do not expect direct development-board use

When actually building a project, do not look only at the words “Sony IMX”. A camera module is a combination of sensor, lens, ISP, interface, driver, and platform adaptation. If any one part is wrong, even a beautiful parameter table may not help you bring it up.

Machine Vision on KnightLi Blog

Common industrial camera microscope lens parameters: magnification, field of view, working distance, and mount

First distinguish several lens types

1. Microscope objectives

2. C-mount microscope adapters

3. Machine vision macro lenses

4. Telecentric lenses

Core parameter 1: magnification

Core parameter 2: field of view

Core parameter 3: working distance

Core parameter 4: depth of field

Core parameter 5: numerical aperture

Core parameter 6: mount

Core parameter 7: sensor size matching

Core parameter 8: resolution and pixel matching

Common parameter comparison

A simple selection flow

Common mistakes

Short Take

Links

Common The Imaging Source industrial cameras: introduction, parameters, and comparison

First understand the names: DMK, DFK, DBK

Common series by use

1. USB 3.0 / USB 3.1 industrial cameras

2. GigE industrial cameras

3. 10GigE high-bandwidth cameras

4. MIPI CSI-2 / board-level cameras

How to read common parameters

Resolution

Frame rate

Sensor size and pixel size

Shutter type

Color or monochrome

Common series comparison

Typical selection advice

Strengths and limitations of The Imaging Source

Short Take

Links

Sony IMX Camera Module Guide: IMX335, IMX678, IMX415, IMX219, IMX273, IMX766, IMX307 Specs, References, and Taobao Price Notes

Quick conclusion

Common model parameter table

IMX219: the most common entry-level model in the Raspberry Pi ecosystem

IMX307: a proven 1080p starlight night-vision sensor

IMX335: common for 5MP low-light and security projects

IMX415: a compact 4K choice for security and industrial video

IMX678: a popular STARVIS 2 4K low-light model

IMX273: industrial machine vision cares more about global shutter

IMX766: a phone main-camera sensor, not a good beginner module for development boards

Other common Sony IMX models on Taobao

IMX290

IMX462

IMX477

IMX585

IMX708

Do not select only by the IMX model name

Taobao buying advice

Final selection notes

References